ENIAC - Wikipedia. Glen Beck (background) and Betty Snyder (foreground) program ENIAC in BRL building 3. Army photo)ENIAC ( or ; Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). It was Turing- complete, digital, and could solve . Buy the Ballistic EVO2 Battery at Motorcycle Superstore. Huge selection of Ballistic Parts Street Bike Battery in stock at the lowest prices guaranteed. The Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defence system to protect from ballistic missile attacks. Introduced in light of the ballistic missile. Top 30 Home of PointBlank Ballistics Software. Congratulations on finding the best 'unknown' hunting site on the net! HuntingNut is dedicated to Hunters and Shooters, with a love of shooting and the outdoors. Publisher Description Strelok is a ballistic trajectory calculator. Small, handy and accurate. Field-proven accuracy since 2001. Supports imperial (yards, feet, inches, etc) and metric units. MIL and MRAD - this is the same. The Ohio ballistic submarine replacement program is about $97.0 billion in constant FY2016 dollars, including about $12.0 billion in research and development costs and about $85.1 billion in procurement costs.This combination of speed and programmability allowed for thousands more calculations for problems, as ENIAC calculated a trajectory that took a human 2. The total cost was about $4. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania, U. S. Shaw (function tables), Jeffrey Chuan Chu (divider/square- rooter), Thomas Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Frank Mural (master programmer), Arthur Burks (multiplier), Harry Huskey (reader/printer) and Jack Davis (accumulators). Twenty of these modules were accumulators which could not only add and subtract, but hold a ten- digit decimal number in memory. Numbers were passed between these units across several general- purpose buses (or trays, as they were called). In order to achieve its high speed, the panels had to send and receive numbers, compute, save the answer and trigger the next operation, all without any moving parts. Key to its versatility was the ability to branch; it could trigger different operations, depending on the sign of a computed result. Components. It weighed more than 3. These cards could be used to produce printed output offline using an IBM accounting machine, such as the IBM 4. While ENIAC had no system to store memory in its inception, these punch cards could be used for external memory storage. Arithmetic was performed by . It was possible to connect several accumulators to run simultaneously, so the peak speed of operation was potentially much higher, due to parallel operation. It was possible to wire the carry of one accumulator into another accumulator to perform double precision arithmetic, but the accumulator carry circuit timing prevented the wiring of 3+ for even higher precision. ENIAC used 4 of the accumulators (controlled by a special multiplier unit) to perform up to 3. The other 9 units in ENIAC were the Initiating Unit (started and stopped the machine), the Cycling Unit (used for synchronizing the other units), the Master Programmer (controlled . Irwin Goldstein (foreground) sets the switches on one of ENIAC's function tables at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. In one of these cycles, ENIAC could write a number to a register, read a number from a register, or add/subtract two numbers. A multiplication of a 1. If one of the numbers had fewer than 1. Division and square roots took 1. So a division or square root took up to 1. Special high- reliability tubes were not available until 1. Most of these failures, however, occurred during the warm- up and cool- down periods, when the tube heaters and cathodes were under the most thermal stress. Engineers reduced ENIAC's tube failures to the more acceptable rate of one tube every two days. According to a 1. Eckert, . However, instead of the stored program computers that exist today, ENIAC was just a large collection of arithmetic machines. Due to the complexity of mapping programs onto the machine, programs were only changed after huge numbers of tests of the current program. This was followed by a period of verification and debugging, aided by the ability to execute the program step by step. A programming tutorial for the modulo function using an ENIAC simulator gives an impression of what a program on the ENIAC looked like. These female programmers were the selected outcome of a group of about two hundred female . Because of the lack of male engineers. After wartime the ENIAC Girls continued working on the project whereas other female computers were replaced by returning soldiers. Betty Holberton went on to invent the first sort routine and help design the first commercial computers, the UNIVAC and the BINAC, alongside Jean Jennings. Though contemporaries considered programming a clerical task and did not publicly recognize the programmers' impact on the successful operation and announcement of ENIAC. Among these were several women, including Gloria Ruth Gordon. Scientists involved in the original nuclear bomb development used massive groups of people doing huge numbers of calculations (. John von Neumann and Stanislaw Ulam realized the speed of ENIAC would allow these calculations to be done much more quickly. The success of this project showed the value of Monte Carlo methods in science. The original contract amount was $6. It was formally accepted by the U. S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1. There, on July 2. The freeze on design in 1. Eckert and Mauchly started work on a new design, to be later called the EDVAC, which would be both simpler and more powerful. In particular, in 1. Eckert wrote his description of a memory unit (the mercury delay line) which would hold both the data and the program. John von Neumann, who was consulting for the Moore School on the EDVAC, sat in on the Moore School meetings at which the stored program concept was elaborated. Von Neumann wrote up an incomplete set of notes (First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC) which were intended to be used as an internal memorandum describing, elaborating, and couching in formal logical language the ideas developed in the meetings. ENIAC administrator and security officer Herman Goldstine distributed copies of this First Draft to a number of government and educational institutions, spurring widespread interest in the construction of a new generation of electronic computing machines, including Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) at Cambridge University, England and SEAC at the U. S. Bureau of Standards. Improvements. Richard Clippinger of BRL. Clippinger consulted with von Neumann on what instruction set to implement. Clippinger had thought of a 3- address architecture while von Neumann proposed a 1- address architecture because it was simpler to implement. Three digits of one accumulator (6) were used as the program counter, another accumulator (1. It was first demonstrated as a stored- program computer on September 1. Adele Goldstine for John von Neumann. This modification reduced the speed of ENIAC by a factor of six and eliminated the ability of parallel computation, but as it also reduced the reprogramming time to hours instead of days, it was considered well worth the loss of performance. Also analysis had shown that due to differences between the electronic speed of computation and the electromechanical speed of input/output, almost any real- world problem was completely I/O bound, even without making use of the original machine's parallelism. Most computations would still be I/O bound, even after the speed reduction imposed by this modification. Early in 1. 95. 2, a high- speed shifter was added, which improved the speed for shifting by a factor of five. In July 1. 95. 3, a 1. To support this expansion memory, ENIAC was equipped with a new Function Table selector, a memory address selector, pulse- shaping circuits, and three new orders were added to the programming mechanism. Comparison with other early computers. Like the Colossus, it was programmed by plugboard and switches. ENIAC combined full, Turing complete programmability with electronic speed. ENIAC's registers performed decimal arithmetic, rather than binary arithmetic like the Z3, the ABC and Colossus. Like the Colossus, ENIAC required rewiring to reprogram until September 1. Three months earlier, in June 1. Manchester Small- Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) ran its first program and earned the distinction of first stored- program computer. Though the idea of a stored- program computer with combined memory for program and data was conceived during the development of ENIAC, it was not initially implemented in ENIAC because World War II priorities required the machine to be completed quickly, and ENIAC's 2. Public knowledge. The Z3 was destroyed by the Allied bombing raids of Berlin in 1. The ten Colossus machines were part of the UK's war effort. Their existence only became generally known in the 1. UK staff and invited Americans. All but two of the machines that remained in use in GCHQ until the 1. Navy, and it was subsequently dismantled. Patent 3,1. 20,6. ENIAC, applied for in 1. Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, putting the invention of the electronic digital computer in the public domain and providing legal recognition to Atanasoff as the inventor of the first electronic digital computer. Parts on display. Army Field Artillery Museum in Fort Sill, as of October 2. ENIAC that were previously housed by The Perot Group in Plano, Texas. Although this 2. 0 MHz chip was many times faster than ENIAC, it had but a fraction of the speed of modern microprocessors of the late 1. Mauchly, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, United States Patent Office, US Patent 3,1. June 1. 94. 7, issued 4 February 1. October 1. 97. 3 after court ruling on Honeywell v. Sperry Rand.^ ab. Weik, Martin H. 7. Mills Building - Washington, DC: American Ordnance Association (January. Retrieved 2. 9 March 2. Shurkin, Joel (1. Engines of the mind : the evolution of the computer from mainframes to microprocessors. US Army Research Laboratory. Retrieved 2. 9 March 2. Scott Mc. Cartney p. Looking, for example, at Life magazine: August 1. Overseas Air Lines Rely on Magic Brain (RCA Radiocompass). March 9, 1. 94. 2 p. Magic Brain. December 1. Blanket with a Brain does the rest! November 8, 1. 94. Mechanical brain sights gun (How to boss a BOFORS!)^. History of Computing Project. Retrieved 1. 8 May 2. Retrieved 2. 3 May 2. Automatic Digital Computers. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 2. 9 March 2. Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Department of Commerce Office of Technical Services. Retrieved 2. 9 March 2. ENIAC: Birth of the Information Age. Retrieved 2. 9 March 2. ENIAC: Celebrating Penn Engineering History. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 1. 7 May 2.
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Chapter 1 : Basic C Programs Chapter 2 : Area Programs Chapter 3 : Mathematical Programs Chapter 4 : Number Programs in C Programming Chapter 5 : 1-D Array Programs 2-D Array Programs : C Programming Algorithms Programs : C. C program to find the day of week for given string in 'MM/dd/yyyy' format. For example: given string date= '5/29/2013' then output= wednesday. This page describes the different date formats that the strtotime(), DateTime and date. It also does not handle any date/time format with brackets (also reasonably common). September 15th (6:12:14 PM). PHP date() Function PHP Date/Time Reference. Format a local date and time and return the formatted date strings: <?php. Date programming is a complex topic in any language, and Objective-C is no different. The Foundation Framework provides extensive support for working with dates in various calendrical systems. Format C string containing any combination of regular characters and special format specifiers. DateFormat helps you to format and parse dates for any locale. To format a date for a different Locale, specify it in the call to getDateInstance(). DateFormat df = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.LONG. The preferred date and time representation for the current locale. RFC 2822-compliant date format (with an English locale for %a and %b) '%a. The program below can be used to experiment with strftime(). C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1. Bell Labs. C has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) since 1. ANSI C) and subsequently by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). C is an imperativeprocedural language. It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, to provide low- level access to memory, to provide language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, and to require minimal run- time support. Therefore, C was useful for many applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language, for example in system programming. Despite its low- level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross- platform programming. A standards- compliant and portably written C program can be compiled for a very wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code. The language has become available on a very wide range of platforms, from embedded microcontrollers to supercomputers. Overview. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines, which are called . Function parameters are always passed by value. Pass- by- reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointer values. C program source text is free- format, using the semicolon as a statement terminator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements. The C language also exhibits the following characteristics: There is a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of flow of control primitives: for, if/else, while, switch, and do/while. There is one namespace, and user- defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil. There are a large number of arithmetical and logical operators, such as +, +=, ++, & , ~, etc. More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement. Function return values can be ignored when not needed. Typing is static, but weakly enforced: all data has a type, but implicit conversions can be performed; for instance, characters can be used as integers. Declarationsyntax mimics usage context. Unlike structs, arrays are not first- class objects; they cannot be assigned or compared using single built- in operators. They are not tagged, and are freely interconvertible with integers. Strings are not a separate data type, but are conventionally implemented as null- terminated arrays of characters. Low- level access to computer memory is possible by converting machine addresses to typed pointers. Procedures (subroutines not returning values) are a special case of function, with an untyped return type void. Functions may not be defined within the lexical scope of other functions. Function and data pointers permit ad hocrun- time polymorphism. A preprocessor performs macro definition, source code file inclusion, and conditional compilation. There is a basic form of modularity: files can be compiled separately and linked together, with control over which functions and data objects are visible to other files via static and extern attributes. Complex functionality such as I/O, string manipulation, and mathematical functions are consistently delegated to library routines. While C does not include some features found in some other languages, such as object orientation or garbage collection, such features can be implemented or emulated in C, often by way of external libraries (e. Boehm garbage collector or the GLib Object System). Relations to other languages. These languages have drawn many of their control structures and other basic features from C. Most of them (with Python being the most dramatic exception) are also very syntactically similar to C in general, and they tend to combine the recognizable expression and statement syntax of C with underlying type systems, data models, and semantics that can be radically different. History. Eventually, they decided to port the operating system to a PDP- 1. The original PDP- 1. Unix was developed in assembly language. The developers were considering rewriting the system using the B language, Thompson's simplified version of BCPL. Earlier instances include the Multics system which was written in PL/I), and Master Control Program (MCP) for the Burroughs B5. ALGOL in 1. 96. 1. In around 1. 97. 7, Ritchie and Stephen C. Johnson made further changes to the language to facilitate portability of the Unix operating system. Johnson's Portable C Compiler served as the basis for several implementations of C on new platforms. The version of C that it describes is commonly referred to as K& R C. The second edition of the book. Separate tools such as Unix's lint utility were developed that (among other things) could check for consistency of function use across multiple source files. In the years following the publication of K& R C, several features were added to the language, supported by compilers from AT& T (in particular PCC. These included: The large number of extensions and lack of agreement on a standard library, together with the language popularity and the fact that not even the Unix compilers precisely implemented the K& R specification, led to the necessity of standardization. ANSI C and ISO C. X3. J1. 1 based the C standard on the Unix implementation; however, the non- portable portion of the Unix C library was handed off to the IEEEworking group 1. POSIX standard. In 1. C standard was ratified as ANSI X3. This version of the language is often referred to as ANSI C, Standard C, or sometimes C8. In 1. 99. 0, the ANSI C standard (with formatting changes) was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ISO/IEC 9. C9. 0. Therefore, the terms . National adoption of an update to the international standard typically occurs within a year of ISO publication. One of the aims of the C standardization process was to produce a superset of K& R C, incorporating many of the subsequently introduced unofficial features. The standards committee also included several additional features such as function prototypes (borrowed from C++), void pointers, support for international character sets and locales, and preprocessor enhancements. Although the syntax for parameter declarations was augmented to include the style used in C++, the K& R interface continued to be permitted, for compatibility with existing source code. C8. 9 is supported by current C compilers, and most C code being written today is based on it. Any program written only in Standard C and without any hardware- dependent assumptions will run correctly on any platform with a conforming C implementation, within its resource limits. Without such precautions, programs may compile only on a certain platform or with a particular compiler, due, for example, to the use of non- standard libraries, such as GUI libraries, or to a reliance on compiler- or platform- specific attributes such as the exact size of data types and byte endianness. In cases where code must be compilable by either standard- conforming or K& R C- based compilers, the . In 1. 99. 5, Normative Amendment 1 to the 1. C standard (ISO/IEC 9. AMD1: 1. 99. 5, known informally as C9. It has since been amended three times by Technical Corrigenda. Many of these had already been implemented as extensions in several C compilers. C9. 9 is for the most part backward compatible with C9. GCC, Solaris Studio, and other C compilers now support many or all of the new features of C9. The C compiler in Microsoft Visual C++, however, implements the C8. C9. 9 that are required for compatibility with C++1. The C standards committee adopted guidelines to limit the adoption of new features that had not been tested by existing implementations. The C1. 1 standard adds numerous new features to C and the library, including type generic macros, anonymous structures, improved Unicode support, atomic operations, multi- threading, and bounds- checked functions. It also makes some portions of the existing C9. C++. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as fixed- point arithmetic, named address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing. C has a formal grammar specified by the C standard. Comments may appear either between the delimiters /* and */, or (since C9. Comments delimited by /* and */ do not nest, and these sequences of characters are not interpreted as comment delimiters if they appear inside string or character literals. Function definitions, in turn, contain declarations and statements. Declarations either define new types using keywords such as struct, union, and enum, or assign types to and perhaps reserve storage for new variables, usually by writing the type followed by the variable name. Keywords such as char and int specify built- in types. Sections of code are enclosed in braces (. The most common statement is an expression statement, consisting of an expression to be evaluated, followed by a semicolon; as a side effect of the evaluation, functions may be called and variables may be assigned new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements, C provides several control- flow statements identified by reserved keywords. Structured programming is supported by if(- else) conditional execution and by do- while, while, and for iterative execution (looping). The for statement has separate initialization, testing, and reinitialization expressions, any or all of which can be omitted. |
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